#pragma once
/**
 * \file NETGeographicLib/UTMUPS.h
 * \brief Header for NETGeographicLib::UTMUPS class
 *
 * NETGeographicLib is copyright (c) Scott Heiman (2013)
 * GeographicLib is Copyright (c) Charles Karney (2010-2012)
 * <charles@karney.com> and licensed under the MIT/X11 License.
 * For more information, see
 * http://geographiclib.sourceforge.net/
 **********************************************************************/

namespace NETGeographicLib
{
  /**
   * \brief .NET wrapper for GeographicLib::UTMUPS.
   *
   * This class allows .NET applications to access GeographicLib::UTMUPS.
   *
   * UTM and UPS are defined
   * - J. W. Hager, J. F. Behensky, and B. W. Drew,
   *   <a href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/publications/tm8358.2/TM8358_2.pdf">
   *   The Universal Grids: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and Universal
   *   Polar Stereographic (UPS)</a>, Defense Mapping Agency, Technical Manual
   *   TM8358.2 (1989).
   * .
   * Section 2-3 defines UTM and section 3-2.4 defines UPS.  This document also
   * includes approximate algorithms for the computation of the underlying
   * transverse Mercator and polar stereographic projections.  Here we
   * substitute much more accurate algorithms given by
   * GeographicLib:TransverseMercator and GeographicLib:PolarStereographic.
   *
   * In this implementation, the conversions are closed, i.e., output from
   * Forward is legal input for Reverse and vice versa.  The error is about 5nm
   * in each direction.  However, the conversion from legal UTM/UPS coordinates
   * to geographic coordinates and back might throw an error if the initial
   * point is within 5nm of the edge of the allowed range for the UTM/UPS
   * coordinates.
   *
   * The simplest way to guarantee the closed property is to define allowed
   * ranges for the eastings and northings for UTM and UPS coordinates.  The
   * UTM boundaries are the same for all zones.  (The only place the
   * exceptional nature of the zone boundaries is evident is when converting to
   * UTM/UPS coordinates requesting the standard zone.)  The MGRS lettering
   * scheme imposes natural limits on UTM/UPS coordinates which may be
   * converted into MGRS coordinates.  For the conversion to/from geographic
   * coordinates these ranges have been extended by 100km in order to provide a
   * generous overlap between UTM and UPS and between UTM zones.
   *
   * The <a href="http://www.nga.mil">NGA</a> software package
   * <a href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/geotrans/index.html">geotrans</a>
   * also provides conversions to and from UTM and UPS.  Version 2.4.2 (and
   * earlier) suffers from some drawbacks:
   * - Inconsistent rules are used to determine the whether a particular UTM or
   *   UPS coordinate is legal.  A more systematic approach is taken here.
   * - The underlying projections are not very accurately implemented.
   *
   * C# Example:
   * \include example-UTMUPS.cs
   * Managed C++ Example:
   * \include example-UTMUPS.cpp
   * Visual Basic Example:
   * \include example-UTMUPS.vb
   *
   **********************************************************************/
    public ref class UTMUPS
    {
        private:
        // hide the constructor since all members of the class are static.
        UTMUPS() {}
    public:
        /**
         * In this class we bring together the UTM and UPS coordinates systems.
         * The UTM divides the earth between latitudes &minus;80&deg; and 84&deg;
         * into 60 zones numbered 1 thru 60.  Zone assign zone number 0 to the UPS
         * regions, covering the two poles.  Within UTMUPS, non-negative zone
         * numbers refer to one of the "physical" zones, 0 for UPS and [1, 60] for
         * UTM.  Negative "pseudo-zone" numbers are used to select one of the
         * physical zones.
         **********************************************************************/
        enum class ZoneSpec {
          /**
           * The smallest pseudo-zone number.
           **********************************************************************/
          MINPSEUDOZONE = -4,
          /**
           * A marker for an undefined or invalid zone.  Equivalent to NaN.
           **********************************************************************/
          INVALID = -4,
          /**
           * If a coordinate already include zone information (e.g., it is an MGRS
           * coordinate), use that, otherwise apply the UTMUPS::STANDARD rules.
           **********************************************************************/
          MATCH = -3,
          /**
           * Apply the standard rules for UTM zone assigment extending the UTM zone
           * to each pole to give a zone number in [1, 60].  For example, use UTM
           * zone 38 for longitude in [42&deg;, 48&deg;).  The rules include the
           * Norway and Svalbard exceptions.
           **********************************************************************/
          UTM = -2,
          /**
           * Apply the standard rules for zone assignment to give a zone number in
           * [0, 60].  If the latitude is not in [&minus;80&deg;, 84&deg;), then
           * use UTMUPS::UPS = 0, otherwise apply the rules for UTMUPS::UTM.  The
           * tests on latitudes and longitudes are all closed on the lower end open
           * on the upper.  Thus for UTM zone 38, latitude is in [&minus;80&deg;,
           * 84&deg;) and longitude is in [42&deg;, 48&deg;).
           **********************************************************************/
          STANDARD = -1,
          /**
           * The largest pseudo-zone number.
           **********************************************************************/
          MAXPSEUDOZONE = -1,
          /**
           * The smallest physical zone number.
           **********************************************************************/
          MINZONE = 0,
          /**
           * The zone number used for UPS
           **********************************************************************/
          UPS = 0,
          /**
           * The smallest UTM zone number.
           **********************************************************************/
          MINUTMZONE = 1,
          /**
           * The largest UTM zone number.
           **********************************************************************/
          MAXUTMZONE = 60,
          /**
           * The largest physical zone number.
           **********************************************************************/
          MAXZONE = 60,
        };

        /**
         * The standard zone.
         *
         * @param[in] lat latitude (degrees).
         * @param[in] lon longitude (degrees).
         * @param[in] setzone zone override (use ZoneSpec.STANDARD as default).  If
         *   omitted, use the standard rules for picking the zone.  If \e setzone
         *   is given then use that zone if it is non-negative, otherwise apply the
         *   rules given in UTMUPS::zonespec.
         * @exception GeographicErr if \e setzone is outside the range
         *   [UTMUPS::MINPSEUDOZONE, UTMUPS::MAXZONE] = [&minus;4, 60].
         *
         * This is exact.
         **********************************************************************/
        static int StandardZone(double lat, double lon, int setzone);

        /**
         * Forward projection, from geographic to UTM/UPS.
         *
         * @param[in] lat latitude of point (degrees).
         * @param[in] lon longitude of point (degrees).
         * @param[out] zone the UTM zone (zero means UPS).
         * @param[out] northp hemisphere (true means north, false means south).
         * @param[out] x easting of point (meters).
         * @param[out] y northing of point (meters).
         * @param[out] gamma meridian convergence at point (degrees).
         * @param[out] k scale of projection at point.
         * @param[in] setzone zone override (use ZoneSpec.STANDARD as default).
         * @param[in] mgrslimits if true enforce the stricter MGRS limits on the
         *   coordinates (default = false).
         * @exception GeographicErr if \e lat is not in [&minus;90&deg;,
         *   90&deg;].
         * @exception GeographicErr if the resulting \e x or \e y is out of allowed
         *   range (see Reverse); in this case, these arguments are unchanged.
         *
         * If \e setzone is omitted, use the standard rules for picking the zone.
         * If \e setzone is given then use that zone if it is non-negative,
         * otherwise apply the rules given in UTMUPS::zonespec.  The accuracy of
         * the conversion is about 5nm.
         *
         * The northing \e y jumps by UTMUPS::UTMShift() when crossing the equator
         * in the southerly direction.  Sometimes it is useful to remove this
         * discontinuity in \e y by extending the "northern" hemisphere using
         * UTMUPS::Transfer:
         * \code
         double lat = -1, lon = 123;
         int zone;
         bool northp;
         double x, y, gamma, k;
         GeographicLib::UTMUPS::Forward(lat, lon, zone, northp, x, y, gamma, k);
         GeographicLib::UTMUPS::Transfer(zone, northp, x, y,
                                         zone, true,   x, y, zone);
         northp = true;
         \endcode
         **********************************************************************/
        static void Forward(double lat, double lon,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] int% zone,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] bool% northp,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% x,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% y,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% gamma,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% k,
                    int setzone, bool mgrslimits);

        /**
         * Reverse projection, from  UTM/UPS to geographic.
         *
         * @param[in] zone the UTM zone (zero means UPS).
         * @param[in] northp hemisphere (true means north, false means south).
         * @param[in] x easting of point (meters).
         * @param[in] y northing of point (meters).
         * @param[out] lat latitude of point (degrees).
         * @param[out] lon longitude of point (degrees).
         * @param[out] gamma meridian convergence at point (degrees).
         * @param[out] k scale of projection at point.
         * @param[in] mgrslimits if true enforce the stricter MGRS limits on the
         *   coordinates (default = false).
         * @exception GeographicErr if \e zone, \e x, or \e y is out of allowed
         *   range; this this case the arguments are unchanged.
         *
         * The accuracy of the conversion is about 5nm.
         *
         * UTM eastings are allowed to be in the range [0km, 1000km], northings are
         * allowed to be in in [0km, 9600km] for the northern hemisphere and in
         * [900km, 10000km] for the southern hemisphere.  However UTM northings
         * can be continued across the equator.  So the actual limits on the
         * northings are [-9100km, 9600km] for the "northern" hemisphere and
         * [900km, 19600km] for the "southern" hemisphere.
         *
         * UPS eastings and northings are allowed to be in the range [1200km,
         * 2800km] in the northern hemisphere and in [700km, 3100km] in the
         * southern hemisphere.
         *
         * These ranges are 100km larger than allowed for the conversions to MGRS.
         * (100km is the maximum extra padding consistent with eastings remaining
         * non-negative.)  This allows generous overlaps between zones and UTM and
         * UPS.  If \e mgrslimits = true, then all the ranges are shrunk by 100km
         * so that they agree with the stricter MGRS ranges.  No checks are
         * performed besides these (e.g., to limit the distance outside the
         * standard zone boundaries).
         **********************************************************************/
        static void Reverse(int zone, bool northp, double x, double y,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% lat,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% lon,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% gamma,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% k,
                    bool mgrslimits);

        /**
         * UTMUPS::Forward without returning convergence and scale.
         **********************************************************************/
        static void Forward(double lat, double lon,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] int% zone,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] bool% northp,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% x,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% y,
                    int setzone, bool mgrslimits );

        /**
         * UTMUPS::Reverse without returning convergence and scale.
         **********************************************************************/
        static void Reverse(int zone, bool northp, double x, double y,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% lat,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% lon,
                    bool mgrslimits);

        /**
         * Transfer UTM/UPS coordinated from one zone to another.
         *
         * @param[in] zonein the UTM zone for \e xin and \e yin (or zero for UPS).
         * @param[in] northpin hemisphere for \e xin and \e yin (true means north,
         *   false means south).
         * @param[in] xin easting of point (meters) in \e zonein.
         * @param[in] yin northing of point (meters) in \e zonein.
         * @param[in] zoneout the requested UTM zone for \e xout and \e yout (or
         *   zero for UPS).
         * @param[in] northpout hemisphere for \e xout output and \e yout.
         * @param[out] xout easting of point (meters) in \e zoneout.
         * @param[out] yout northing of point (meters) in \e zoneout.
         * @param[out] zone the actual UTM zone for \e xout and \e yout (or zero
         *   for UPS); this equals \e zoneout if \e zoneout &ge; 0.
         * @exception GeographicErr if \e zonein is out of range (see below).
         * @exception GeographicErr if \e zoneout is out of range (see below).
         * @exception GeographicErr if \e xin or \e yin fall outside their allowed
         *   ranges (see UTMUPS::Reverse).
         * @exception GeographicErr if \e xout or \e yout fall outside their
         *   allowed ranges (see UTMUPS::Reverse).
         *
         * \e zonein must be in the range [UTMUPS::MINZONE, UTMUPS::MAXZONE] = [0,
         * 60] with \e zonein = UTMUPS::UPS, 0, indicating UPS.  \e zonein may
         * also be UTMUPS::INVALID.
         *
         * \e zoneout must be in the range [UTMUPS::MINPSEUDOZONE, UTMUPS::MAXZONE]
         * = [-4, 60].  If \e zoneout &lt; UTMUPS::MINZONE then the rules give in
         * the documentation of UTMUPS::zonespec are applied, and \e zone is set to
         * the actual zone used for output.
         *
         * (\e xout, \e yout) can overlap with (\e xin, \e yin).
         **********************************************************************/
        static void Transfer(int zonein, bool northpin, double xin, double yin,
                    int zoneout, bool northpout,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% xout,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% yout,
                    [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] int% zone);

        /**
         * Decode a UTM/UPS zone string.
         *
         * @param[in] zonestr string representation of zone and hemisphere.
         * @param[out] zone the UTM zone (zero means UPS).
         * @param[out] northp hemisphere (true means north, false means south).
         * @exception GeographicErr if \e zonestr is malformed.
         *
         * For UTM, \e zonestr has the form of a zone number in the range
         * [UTMUPS::MINUTMZONE, UTMUPS::MAXUTMZONE] = [1, 60] followed by a
         * hemisphere letter, n or s (or "north" or "south" spelled out).  For UPS,
         * it consists just of the hemisphere letter (or the spelled out
         * hemisphere).  The returned value of \e zone is UTMUPS::UPS = 0 for UPS.
         * Note well that "38s" indicates the southern hemisphere of zone 38 and
         * not latitude band S, 32&deg; &le; \e lat &lt; 40&deg;.  n, 01s, 2n, 38s,
         * south, 3north are legal.  0n, 001s, +3n, 61n, 38P are illegal.  INV is a
         * special value for which the returned value of \e is UTMUPS::INVALID.
         **********************************************************************/
        static void DecodeZone(System::String^ zonestr,
            [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] int% zone,
            [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] bool% northp);

        /**
         * Encode a UTM/UPS zone string.
         *
         * @param[in] zone the UTM zone (zero means UPS).
         * @param[in] northp hemisphere (true means north, false means south).
         * @param[in] abbrev if true (the default) use abbreviated (n/s) notation
         *   for hemisphere; otherwise spell out the hemisphere (north/south)
         * @exception GeographicErr if \e zone is out of range (see below).
         * @exception std::bad_alloc if memoy for the string can't be allocated.
         * @return string representation of zone and hemisphere.
         *
         * \e zone must be in the range [UTMUPS::MINZONE, UTMUPS::MAXZONE] = [0,
         * 60] with \e zone = UTMUPS::UPS, 0, indicating UPS (but the resulting
         * string does not contain "0").  \e zone may also be UTMUPS::INVALID, in
         * which case the returned string is "inv".  This reverses
         * UTMUPS::DecodeZone.
         **********************************************************************/
        static System::String^ EncodeZone(int zone, bool northp, bool abbrev);

        /**
         * Decode EPSG.
         *
         * @param[in] epsg the EPSG code.
         * @param[out] zone the UTM zone (zero means UPS).
         * @param[out] northp hemisphere (true means north, false means south).
         *
         * EPSG (European Petroleum Survery Group) codes are a way to refer to many
         * different projections.  DecodeEPSG decodes those refering to UTM or UPS
         * projections for the WGS84 ellipsoid.  If the code does not refer to one
         * of these projections, \e zone is set to UTMUPS::INVALID.  See
         * http://spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/
         **********************************************************************/
        static void DecodeEPSG(int epsg,
            [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] int% zone,
            [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] bool% northp);

        /**
         * Encode zone as EPSG.
         *
         * @param[in] zone the UTM zone (zero means UPS).
         * @param[in] northp hemisphere (true means north, false means south).
         * @return EPSG code (or -1 if \e zone is not in the range
         *   [UTMUPS::MINZONE, UTMUPS::MAXZONE] = [0, 60])
         *
         * Convert \e zone and \e northp to the corresponding EPSG (European
         * Petroleum Survery Group) codes
         **********************************************************************/
        static int EncodeEPSG(int zone, bool northp);

        /**
         * @return shift (meters) necessary to align N and S halves of a UTM zone
         * (10<sup>7</sup>).
         **********************************************************************/
        static double UTMShift();

        /** \name Inspector functions
         **********************************************************************/
        ///@{
        /**
         * @return \e a the equatorial radius of the WGS84 ellipsoid (meters).
         *
         * (The WGS84 value is returned because the UTM and UPS projections are
         * based on this ellipsoid.)
         **********************************************************************/
        static double MajorRadius();

        /**
         * @return \e f the flattening of the WGS84 ellipsoid.
         *
         * (The WGS84 value is returned because the UTM and UPS projections are
         * based on this ellipsoid.)
         **********************************************************************/
        static double Flattening();
        ///@}
    };
} // namespace NETGeographicLib
