/**
 * \file NETGeographicLib/EllipticFunction.h
 * \brief Header for NETGeographicLib::EllipticFunction class
 *
 * NETGeographicLib is copyright (c) Scott Heiman (2013)
 * GeographicLib is Copyright (c) Charles Karney (2010-2012)
 * <charles@karney.com> and licensed under the MIT/X11 License.
 * For more information, see
 * http://geographiclib.sourceforge.net/
 **********************************************************************/
#pragma once

namespace NETGeographicLib
{
  /**
   * \brief .NET wrapper for GeographicLib::EllipticFunction.
   *
   * This class allows .NET applications to access GeographicLib::EllipticFunction.
   *
   * This provides the elliptic functions and integrals needed for Ellipsoid,
   * GeodesicExact, and TransverseMercatorExact.  Two categories of function
   * are provided:
   * - \e static functions to compute symmetric elliptic integrals
   *   (http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.16.i)
   * - \e member functions to compute Legrendre's elliptic
   *   integrals (http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.2.ii) and the
   *   Jacobi elliptic functions (http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.2).
   * .
   * In the latter case, an object is constructed giving the modulus \e k (and
   * optionally the parameter &alpha;<sup>2</sup>).  The modulus is always
   * passed as its square <i>k</i><sup>2</sup> which allows \e k to be pure
   * imaginary (<i>k</i><sup>2</sup> &lt; 0).  (Confusingly, Abramowitz and
   * Stegun call \e m = <i>k</i><sup>2</sup> the "parameter" and \e n =
   * &alpha;<sup>2</sup> the "characteristic".)
   *
   * In geodesic applications, it is convenient to separate the incomplete
   * integrals into secular and periodic components, e.g.,
   * \f[
   *   E(\phi, k) = (2 E(\phi) / \pi) [ \phi + \delta E(\phi, k) ]
   * \f]
   * where &delta;\e E(&phi;, \e k) is an odd periodic function with period
   * &pi;.
   *
   * The computation of the elliptic integrals uses the algorithms given in
   * - B. C. Carlson,
   *   <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198293"> Computation of real or
   *   complex elliptic integrals</a>, Numerical Algorithms 10, 13--26 (1995)
   * .
   * with the additional optimizations given in http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.36.i.
   * The computation of the Jacobi elliptic functions uses the algorithm given
   * in
   * - R. Bulirsch,
   *   <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01397975"> Numerical Calculation of
   *   Elliptic Integrals and Elliptic Functions</a>, Numericshe Mathematik 7,
   *   78--90 (1965).
   * .
   * The notation follows http://dlmf.nist.gov/19 and http://dlmf.nist.gov/22
   *
   * C# Example:
   * \include example-EllipticFunction.cs
   * Managed C++ Example:
   * \include example-EllipticFunction.cpp
   * Visual Basic Example:
   * \include example-EllipticFunction.vb
   *
   * <B>INTERFACE DIFFERENCES:</B><BR>
   * The k2, kp2, alpha2, and alphap2 functions are implemented as properties.
   **********************************************************************/
    public ref class EllipticFunction
    {
    private:
        // a pointer to the unmanaged GeographicLib::EllipticFunction.
        GeographicLib::EllipticFunction* m_pEllipticFunction;

        // The finalizer frees the unmanaged memory.
        !EllipticFunction();
    public:
        /** \name Constructor
         **********************************************************************/
        ///@{
        /**
         * Constructor specifying the modulus and parameter.
         *
         * @param[in] k2 the square of the modulus <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>.
         *   <i>k</i><sup>2</sup> must lie in (-&infin;, 1).  (No checking is
         *   done.)
         * @param[in] alpha2 the parameter &alpha;<sup>2</sup>.
         *   &alpha;<sup>2</sup> must lie in (-&infin;, 1).  (No checking is done.)
         *
         * If only elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds are needed,
         * then set &alpha;<sup>2</sup> = 0 (the default value); in this case, we
         * have &Pi;(&phi;, 0, \e k) = \e F(&phi;, \e k), \e G(&phi;, 0, \e k) = \e
         * E(&phi;, \e k), and \e H(&phi;, 0, \e k) = \e F(&phi;, \e k) - \e
         * D(&phi;, \e k).
         **********************************************************************/
        EllipticFunction(double k2, double alpha2 );

        /**
         * Constructor specifying the modulus and parameter and their complements.
         *
         * @param[in] k2 the square of the modulus <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>.
         *   <i>k</i><sup>2</sup> must lie in (-&infin;, 1).  (No checking is
         *   done.)
         * @param[in] alpha2 the parameter &alpha;<sup>2</sup>.
         *   &alpha;<sup>2</sup> must lie in (-&infin;, 1).  (No checking is done.)
         * @param[in] kp2 the complementary modulus squared <i>k'</i><sup>2</sup> =
         *   1 &minus; <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>.
         * @param[in] alphap2 the complementary parameter &alpha;'<sup>2</sup> = 1
         *   &minus; &alpha;<sup>2</sup>.
         *
         * The arguments must satisfy \e k2 + \e kp2 = 1 and \e alpha2 + \e alphap2
         * = 1.  (No checking is done that these conditions are met.)  This
         * constructor is provided to enable accuracy to be maintained, e.g., when
         * \e k is very close to unity.
         **********************************************************************/
        EllipticFunction(double k2, double alpha2, double kp2, double alphap2);

        /**
         * Destructor calls the finalizer.
         **********************************************************************/
        ~EllipticFunction()
        { this->!EllipticFunction(); }

        /**
         * Reset the modulus and parameter.
         *
         * @param[in] k2 the new value of square of the modulus
         *   <i>k</i><sup>2</sup> which must lie in (-&infin;, 1).  (No checking is
         *   done.)
         * @param[in] alpha2 the new value of parameter &alpha;<sup>2</sup>.
         *   &alpha;<sup>2</sup> must lie in (-&infin;, 1).  (No checking is done.)
         **********************************************************************/
        void Reset(double k2, double alpha2 );

        /**
         * Reset the modulus and parameter supplying also their complements.
         *
         * @param[in] k2 the square of the modulus <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>.
         *   <i>k</i><sup>2</sup> must lie in (-&infin;, 1).  (No checking is
         *   done.)
         * @param[in] alpha2 the parameter &alpha;<sup>2</sup>.
         *   &alpha;<sup>2</sup> must lie in (-&infin;, 1).  (No checking is done.)
         * @param[in] kp2 the complementary modulus squared <i>k'</i><sup>2</sup> =
         *   1 &minus; <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>.
         * @param[in] alphap2 the complementary parameter &alpha;'<sup>2</sup> = 1
         *   &minus; &alpha;<sup>2</sup>.
         *
         * The arguments must satisfy \e k2 + \e kp2 = 1 and \e alpha2 + \e alphap2
         * = 1.  (No checking is done that these conditions are met.)  This
         * constructor is provided to enable accuracy to be maintained, e.g., when
         * is very small.
         **********************************************************************/
        void Reset(double k2, double alpha2, double kp2, double alphap2);

        ///@}

        /** \name Inspector functions.
         **********************************************************************/
        ///@{
        /**
         * @return the square of the modulus <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>.
         **********************************************************************/
        property double k2 { double get(); }

        /**
         * @return the square of the complementary modulus <i>k'</i><sup>2</sup> =
         *   1 &minus; <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>.
         **********************************************************************/
        property double kp2 { double get(); }

        /**
         * @return the parameter &alpha;<sup>2</sup>.
         **********************************************************************/
        property double alpha2 { double get(); }

        /**
         * @return the complementary parameter &alpha;'<sup>2</sup> = 1 &minus;
         *   &alpha;<sup>2</sup>.
         **********************************************************************/
        property double alphap2 { double get(); }
        ///@}

        /** \name Complete elliptic integrals.
         **********************************************************************/
        ///@{
        /**
         * The complete integral of the first kind.
         *
         * @return \e K(\e k).
         *
         * \e K(\e k) is defined in http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.2.E4
         * \f[
         *   K(k) = \int_0^{\pi/2} \frac1{\sqrt{1-k^2\sin^2\phi}}\,d\phi.
         * \f]
         **********************************************************************/
        double K();

        /**
         * The complete integral of the second kind.
         *
         * @return \e E(\e k)
         *
         * \e E(\e k) is defined in http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.2.E5
         * \f[
         *   E(k) = \int_0^{\pi/2} \sqrt{1-k^2\sin^2\phi}\,d\phi.
         * \f]
         **********************************************************************/
        double E();

        /**
         * Jahnke's complete integral.
         *
         * @return \e D(\e k).
         *
         * \e D(\e k) is defined in http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.2.E6
         * \f[
         *   D(k) = \int_0^{\pi/2} \frac{\sin^2\phi}{\sqrt{1-k^2\sin^2\phi}}\,d\phi.
         * \f]
         **********************************************************************/
        double D();

        /**
         * The difference between the complete integrals of the first and second
         * kinds.
         *
         * @return \e K(\e k) &minus; \e E(\e k).
         **********************************************************************/
        double KE();

        /**
         * The complete integral of the third kind.
         *
         * @return &Pi;(&alpha;<sup>2</sup>, \e k)
         *
         * &Pi;(&alpha;<sup>2</sup>, \e k) is defined in
         * http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.2.E7
         * \f[
         *   \Pi(\alpha^2, k) = \int_0^{\pi/2}
         *     \frac1{\sqrt{1-k^2\sin^2\phi}(1 - \alpha^2\sin^2\phi_)}\,d\phi.
         * \f]
         **********************************************************************/
        double Pi();

        /**
         * Legendre's complete geodesic longitude integral.
         *
         * @return \e G(&alpha;<sup>2</sup>, \e k)
         *
         * \e G(&alpha;<sup>2</sup>, \e k) is given by
         * \f[
         *   G(\alpha^2, k) = \int_0^{\pi/2}
         *     \frac{\sqrt{1-k^2\sin^2\phi}}{1 - \alpha^2\sin^2\phi}\,d\phi.
         * \f]
         **********************************************************************/
        double G();

        /**
         * Cayley's complete geodesic longitude difference integral.
         *
         * @return \e H(&alpha;<sup>2</sup>, \e k)
         *
         * \e H(&alpha;<sup>2</sup>, \e k) is given by
         * \f[
         *   H(\alpha^2, k) = \int_0^{\pi/2}
         *     \frac{\cos^2\phi}{(1-\alpha^2\sin^2\phi)\sqrt{1-k^2\sin^2\phi}}
         *     \,d\phi.
         * \f]
         **********************************************************************/
        double H();
        ///@}

        /** \name Incomplete elliptic integrals.
         **********************************************************************/
        ///@{
        /**
         * The incomplete integral of the first kind.
         *
         * @param[in] phi
         * @return \e F(&phi;, \e k).
         *
         * \e F(&phi;, \e k) is defined in http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.2.E4
         * \f[
         *   F(\phi, k) = \int_0^\phi \frac1{\sqrt{1-k^2\sin^2\theta}}\,d\theta.
         * \f]
         **********************************************************************/
        double F(double phi);

        /**
         * The incomplete integral of the second kind.
         *
         * @param[in] phi
         * @return \e E(&phi;, \e k).
         *
         * \e E(&phi;, \e k) is defined in http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.2.E5
         * \f[
         *   E(\phi, k) = \int_0^\phi \sqrt{1-k^2\sin^2\theta}\,d\theta.
         * \f]
         **********************************************************************/
        double E(double phi);

        /**
         * The incomplete integral of the second kind with the argument given in
         * degrees.
         *
         * @param[in] ang in <i>degrees</i>.
         * @return \e E(&pi; <i>ang</i>/180, \e k).
         **********************************************************************/
        double Ed(double ang);

        /**
         * The inverse of the incomplete integral of the second kind.
         *
         * @param[in] x
         * @return &phi; = <i>E</i><sup>&minus;1</sup>(\e x, \e k); i.e., the
         *   solution of such that \e E(&phi;, \e k) = \e x.
         **********************************************************************/
        double Einv(double x);

        /**
         * The incomplete integral of the third kind.
         *
         * @param[in] phi
         * @return &Pi;(&phi;, &alpha;<sup>2</sup>, \e k).
         *
         * &Pi;(&phi;, &alpha;<sup>2</sup>, \e k) is defined in
         * http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.2.E7
         * \f[
         *   \Pi(\phi, \alpha^2, k) = \int_0^\phi
         *     \frac1{\sqrt{1-k^2\sin^2\theta}(1 - \alpha^2\sin^2\theta_)}\,d\theta.
         * \f]
         **********************************************************************/
        double Pi(double phi);

        /**
         * Jahnke's incomplete elliptic integral.
         *
         * @param[in] phi
         * @return \e D(&phi;, \e k).
         *
         * \e D(&phi;, \e k) is defined in http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.2.E4
         * \f[
         *   D(\phi, k) = \int_0^\phi
         *    \frac{\sin^2\theta}{\sqrt{1-k^2\sin^2\theta}}\,d\theta.
         * \f]
         **********************************************************************/
        double D(double phi);

        /**
         * Legendre's geodesic longitude integral.
         *
         * @param[in] phi
         * @return \e G(&phi;, &alpha;<sup>2</sup>, \e k).
         *
         * \e G(&phi;, &alpha;<sup>2</sup>, \e k) is defined by
         * \f[
         *   \begin{aligned}
         *   G(\phi, \alpha^2, k) &=
         *   \frac{k^2}{\alpha^2} F(\phi, k) +
         *      \biggl(1 - \frac{k^2}{\alpha^2}\biggr) \Pi(\phi, \alpha^2, k) \\
         *    &= \int_0^\phi
         *     \frac{\sqrt{1-k^2\sin^2\theta}}{1 - \alpha^2\sin^2\theta}\,d\theta.
         *   \end{aligned}
         * \f]
         *
         * Legendre expresses the longitude of a point on the geodesic in terms of
         * this combination of elliptic integrals in Exercices de Calcul
         * Int&eacute;gral, Vol. 1 (1811), p. 181,
         * https://books.google.com/books?id=riIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA181.
         *
         * See \ref geodellip for the expression for the longitude in terms of this
         * function.
         **********************************************************************/
        double G(double phi);

        /**
         * Cayley's geodesic longitude difference integral.
         *
         * @param[in] phi
         * @return \e H(&phi;, &alpha;<sup>2</sup>, \e k).
         *
         * \e H(&phi;, &alpha;<sup>2</sup>, \e k) is defined by
         * \f[
         *   \begin{aligned}
         *   H(\phi, \alpha^2, k) &=
         *   \frac1{\alpha^2} F(\phi, k) +
         *        \biggl(1 - \frac1{\alpha^2}\biggr) \Pi(\phi, \alpha^2, k) \\
         *   &= \int_0^\phi
         *     \frac{\cos^2\theta}{(1-\alpha^2\sin^2\theta)\sqrt{1-k^2\sin^2\theta}}
         *     \,d\theta.
         *   \end{aligned}
         * \f]
         *
         * Cayley expresses the longitude difference of a point on the geodesic in
         * terms of this combination of elliptic integrals in Phil. Mag. <b>40</b>
         * (1870), p. 333, https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk0wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA333.
         *
         * See \ref geodellip for the expression for the longitude in terms of this
         * function.
         **********************************************************************/
        double H(double phi);
        ///@}

        /** \name Incomplete integrals in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions.
         **********************************************************************/
        /**
         * The incomplete integral of the first kind in terms of Jacobi elliptic
         * functions.
         *
         * @param[in] sn = sin&phi;
         * @param[in] cn = cos&phi;
         * @param[in] dn = sqrt(1 &minus; <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>
         *   sin<sup>2</sup>&phi;)
         * @return \e F(&phi;, \e k) as though &phi; &isin; (&minus;&pi;, &pi;].
         **********************************************************************/
        double F(double sn, double cn, double dn);

        /**
         * The incomplete integral of the second kind in terms of Jacobi elliptic
         * functions.
         *
         * @param[in] sn = sin&phi;
         * @param[in] cn = cos&phi;
         * @param[in] dn = sqrt(1 &minus; <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>
         *   sin<sup>2</sup>&phi;)
         * @return \e E(&phi;, \e k) as though &phi; &isin; (&minus;&pi;, &pi;].
         **********************************************************************/
        double E(double sn, double cn, double dn);

        /**
         * The incomplete integral of the third kind in terms of Jacobi elliptic
         * functions.
         *
         * @param[in] sn = sin&phi;
         * @param[in] cn = cos&phi;
         * @param[in] dn = sqrt(1 &minus; <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>
         *   sin<sup>2</sup>&phi;)
         * @return &Pi;(&phi;, &alpha;<sup>2</sup>, \e k) as though &phi; &isin;
         *   (&minus;&pi;, &pi;].
         **********************************************************************/
        double Pi(double sn, double cn, double dn);

        /**
         * Jahnke's incomplete elliptic integral in terms of Jacobi elliptic
         * functions.
         *
         * @param[in] sn = sin&phi;
         * @param[in] cn = cos&phi;
         * @param[in] dn = sqrt(1 &minus; <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>
         *   sin<sup>2</sup>&phi;)
         * @return \e D(&phi;, \e k) as though &phi; &isin; (&minus;&pi;, &pi;].
         **********************************************************************/
        double D(double sn, double cn, double dn);

        /**
         * Legendre's geodesic longitude integral in terms of Jacobi elliptic
         * functions.
         *
         * @param[in] sn = sin&phi;
         * @param[in] cn = cos&phi;
         * @param[in] dn = sqrt(1 &minus; <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>
         *   sin<sup>2</sup>&phi;)
         * @return \e G(&phi;, &alpha;<sup>2</sup>, \e k) as though &phi; &isin;
         *   (&minus;&pi;, &pi;].
         **********************************************************************/
        double G(double sn, double cn, double dn);

        /**
         * Cayley's geodesic longitude difference integral in terms of Jacobi
         * elliptic functions.
         *
         * @param[in] sn = sin&phi;
         * @param[in] cn = cos&phi;
         * @param[in] dn = sqrt(1 &minus; <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>
         *   sin<sup>2</sup>&phi;)
         * @return \e H(&phi;, &alpha;<sup>2</sup>, \e k) as though &phi; &isin;
         *   (&minus;&pi;, &pi;].
         **********************************************************************/
        double H(double sn, double cn, double dn);
        ///@}

        /** \name Periodic versions of incomplete elliptic integrals.
         **********************************************************************/
        ///@{
        /**
         * The periodic incomplete integral of the first kind.
         *
         * @param[in] sn = sin&phi;
         * @param[in] cn = cos&phi;
         * @param[in] dn = sqrt(1 &minus; <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>
         *   sin<sup>2</sup>&phi;)
         * @return the periodic function &pi; \e F(&phi;, \e k) / (2 \e K(\e k)) -
         *   &phi;
         **********************************************************************/
        double deltaF(double sn, double cn, double dn);

        /**
         * The periodic incomplete integral of the second kind.
         *
         * @param[in] sn = sin&phi;
         * @param[in] cn = cos&phi;
         * @param[in] dn = sqrt(1 &minus; <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>
         *   sin<sup>2</sup>&phi;)
         * @return the periodic function &pi; \e E(&phi;, \e k) / (2 \e E(\e k)) -
         *   &phi;
         **********************************************************************/
        double deltaE(double sn, double cn, double dn);

        /**
         * The periodic inverse of the incomplete integral of the second kind.
         *
         * @param[in] stau = sin&tau;
         * @param[in] ctau = sin&tau;
         * @return the periodic function <i>E</i><sup>&minus;1</sup>(&tau; (2 \e
         *   E(\e k)/&pi;), \e k) - &tau;
         **********************************************************************/
        double deltaEinv(double stau, double ctau);

        /**
         * The periodic incomplete integral of the third kind.
         *
         * @param[in] sn = sin&phi;
         * @param[in] cn = cos&phi;
         * @param[in] dn = sqrt(1 &minus; <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>
         *   sin<sup>2</sup>&phi;)
         * @return the periodic function &pi; &Pi;(&phi;, \e k) / (2 &Pi;(\e k)) -
         *   &phi;
         **********************************************************************/
        double deltaPi(double sn, double cn, double dn);

        /**
         * The periodic Jahnke's incomplete elliptic integral.
         *
         * @param[in] sn = sin&phi;
         * @param[in] cn = cos&phi;
         * @param[in] dn = sqrt(1 &minus; <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>
         *   sin<sup>2</sup>&phi;)
         * @return the periodic function &pi; \e D(&phi;, \e k) / (2 \e D(\e k)) -
         *   &phi;
         **********************************************************************/
        double deltaD(double sn, double cn, double dn);

        /**
         * Legendre's periodic geodesic longitude integral.
         *
         * @param[in] sn = sin&phi;
         * @param[in] cn = cos&phi;
         * @param[in] dn = sqrt(1 &minus; <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>
         *   sin<sup>2</sup>&phi;)
         * @return the periodic function &pi; \e G(&phi;, \e k) / (2 \e G(\e k)) -
         *   &phi;
         **********************************************************************/
        double deltaG(double sn, double cn, double dn);

        /**
         * Cayley's periodic geodesic longitude difference integral.
         *
         * @param[in] sn = sin&phi;
         * @param[in] cn = cos&phi;
         * @param[in] dn = sqrt(1 &minus; <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>
         *   sin<sup>2</sup>&phi;)
         * @return the periodic function &pi; \e H(&phi;, \e k) / (2 \e H(\e k)) -
         *   &phi;
         **********************************************************************/
        double deltaH(double sn, double cn, double dn);
        ///@}

        /** \name Elliptic functions.
         **********************************************************************/
        ///@{
        /**
         * The Jacobi elliptic functions.
         *
         * @param[in] x the argument.
         * @param[out] sn sn(\e x, \e k).
         * @param[out] cn cn(\e x, \e k).
         * @param[out] dn dn(\e x, \e k).
         **********************************************************************/
        void sncndn(double x,
            [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% sn,
            [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% cn,
            [System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] double% dn);

        /**
         * The &Delta; amplitude function.
         *
         * @param[in] sn sin&phi;
         * @param[in] cn cos&phi;
         * @return &Delta; = sqrt(1 &minus; <i>k</i><sup>2</sup>
         *   sin<sup>2</sup>&phi;)
         **********************************************************************/
        double Delta(double sn, double cn);
        ///@}

        /** \name Symmetric elliptic integrals.
         **********************************************************************/
        ///@{
        /**
         * Symmetric integral of the first kind <i>R<sub>F</sub></i>.
         *
         * @param[in] x
         * @param[in] y
         * @param[in] z
         * @return <i>R<sub>F</sub></i>(\e x, \e y, \e z)
         *
         * <i>R<sub>F</sub></i> is defined in http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.16.E1
         * \f[ R_F(x, y, z) = \frac12
         *       \int_0^\infty\frac1{\sqrt{(t + x) (t + y) (t + z)}}\, dt \f]
         * If one of the arguments is zero, it is more efficient to call the
         * two-argument version of this function with the non-zero arguments.
         **********************************************************************/
        static double RF(double x, double y, double z);

        /**
         * Complete symmetric integral of the first kind, <i>R<sub>F</sub></i> with
         * one argument zero.
         *
         * @param[in] x
         * @param[in] y
         * @return <i>R<sub>F</sub></i>(\e x, \e y, 0)
         **********************************************************************/
        static double RF(double x, double y);

        /**
         * Degenerate symmetric integral of the first kind <i>R<sub>C</sub></i>.
         *
         * @param[in] x
         * @param[in] y
         * @return <i>R<sub>C</sub></i>(\e x, \e y) = <i>R<sub>F</sub></i>(\e x, \e
         *   y, \e y)
         *
         * <i>R<sub>C</sub></i> is defined in http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.2.E17
         * \f[ R_C(x, y) = \frac12
         *       \int_0^\infty\frac1{\sqrt{t + x}(t + y)}\,dt \f]
         **********************************************************************/
        static double RC(double x, double y);

        /**
         * Symmetric integral of the second kind <i>R<sub>G</sub></i>.
         *
         * @param[in] x
         * @param[in] y
         * @param[in] z
         * @return <i>R<sub>G</sub></i>(\e x, \e y, \e z)
         *
         * <i>R<sub>G</sub></i> is defined in Carlson, eq 1.5
         * \f[ R_G(x, y, z) = \frac14
         *       \int_0^\infty[(t + x) (t + y) (t + z)]^{-1/2}
         *        \biggl(
         *             \frac x{t + x} + \frac y{t + y} + \frac z{t + z}
         *        \biggr)t\,dt \f]
         * See also http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.16.E3.
         * If one of the arguments is zero, it is more efficient to call the
         * two-argument version of this function with the non-zero arguments.
         **********************************************************************/
        static double RG(double x, double y, double z);

        /**
         * Complete symmetric integral of the second kind, <i>R<sub>G</sub></i>
         * with one argument zero.
         *
         * @param[in] x
         * @param[in] y
         * @return <i>R<sub>G</sub></i>(\e x, \e y, 0)
         **********************************************************************/
        static double RG(double x, double y);

        /**
         * Symmetric integral of the third kind <i>R<sub>J</sub></i>.
         *
         * @param[in] x
         * @param[in] y
         * @param[in] z
         * @param[in] p
         * @return <i>R<sub>J</sub></i>(\e x, \e y, \e z, \e p)
         *
         * <i>R<sub>J</sub></i> is defined in http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.16.E2
         * \f[ R_J(x, y, z, p) = \frac32
         *       \int_0^\infty[(t + x) (t + y) (t + z)]^{-1/2} (t + p)^{-1}\, dt \f]
         **********************************************************************/
        static double RJ(double x, double y, double z, double p);

        /**
         * Degenerate symmetric integral of the third kind <i>R<sub>D</sub></i>.
         *
         * @param[in] x
         * @param[in] y
         * @param[in] z
         * @return <i>R<sub>D</sub></i>(\e x, \e y, \e z) = <i>R<sub>J</sub></i>(\e
         *   x, \e y, \e z, \e z)
         *
         * <i>R<sub>D</sub></i> is defined in http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.16.E5
         * \f[ R_D(x, y, z) = \frac32
         *       \int_0^\infty[(t + x) (t + y)]^{-1/2} (t + z)^{-3/2}\, dt \f]
         **********************************************************************/
        static double RD(double x, double y, double z);
        ///@}
    };
} // namespace NETGeographicLib
