/**
 * \file MGRS.hpp
 * \brief Header for GeographicLib::MGRS class
 *
 * Copyright (c) Charles Karney (2008-2011) <charles@karney.com> and licensed
 * under the MIT/X11 License.  For more information, see
 * http://geographiclib.sourceforge.net/
 **********************************************************************/

#if !defined(GEOGRAPHICLIB_MGRS_HPP)
#define GEOGRAPHICLIB_MGRS_HPP 1

#include <GeographicLib/Constants.hpp>
#include <GeographicLib/UTMUPS.hpp>

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
// Squelch warnings about dll vs string
#  pragma warning (push)
#  pragma warning (disable: 4251)
#endif

namespace GeographicLib {

  /**
   * \brief Convert between UTM/UPS and %MGRS
   *
   * MGRS is defined in Chapter 3 of
   * - J. W. Hager, L. L. Fry, S. S. Jacks, D. R. Hill,
   *   <a href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/publications/tm8358.1/pdf/TM8358_1.pdf">

   *   Datums, Ellipsoids, Grids, and Grid Reference Systems</a>,
   *   Defense Mapping Agency, Technical Manual TM8358.1 (1990).
   *
   * This implementation has the following properties:
   * - The conversions are closed, i.e., output from Forward is legal input for
   *   Reverse and vice versa.  Conversion in both directions preserve the
   *   UTM/UPS selection and the UTM zone.
   * - Forward followed by Reverse and vice versa is approximately the
   *   identity.  (This is affected in predictable ways by errors in
   *   determining the latitude band and by loss of precision in the MGRS
   *   coordinates.)
   * - All MGRS coordinates truncate to legal 100 km blocks.  All MGRS
   *   coordinates with a legal 100 km block prefix are legal (even though the
   *   latitude band letter may now belong to a neighboring band).
   * - The range of UTM/UPS coordinates allowed for conversion to MGRS
   *   coordinates is the maximum consistent with staying within the letter
   *   ranges of the MGRS scheme.
   * - All the transformations are implemented as static methods in the MGRS
   *   class.
   *
   * The <a href="http://www.nga.mil">NGA</a> software package
   * <a href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/geotrans/index.html">geotrans</a>
   * also provides conversions to and from MGRS.  Version 3.0 (and earlier)
   * suffers from some drawbacks:
   * - Inconsistent rules are used to determine the whether a particular MGRS
   *   coordinate is legal.  A more systematic approach is taken here.
   * - The underlying projections are not very accurately implemented.
   *
   * Example of use:
   * \include example-MGRS.cpp
   **********************************************************************/
  class GEOGRAPHIC_EXPORT MGRS {
  private:
    typedef Math::real real;
    // The smallest length s.t., 1.0e7 - eps_ < 1.0e7 (approx 1.9 nm)
    static const real eps_;
    // The smallest angle s.t., 90 - eps_ < 90 (approx 50e-12 arcsec)
    static const real angeps_;
    static const std::string hemispheres_;
    static const std::string utmcols_[3];
    static const std::string utmrow_;
    static const std::string upscols_[4];
    static const std::string upsrows_[2];
    static const std::string latband_;
    static const std::string upsband_;
    static const std::string digits_;

    static const int mineasting_[4];
    static const int maxeasting_[4];
    static const int minnorthing_[4];
    static const int maxnorthing_[4];
    enum {
      base_ = 10,
      // Top-level tiles are 10^5 m = 100 km on a side
      tilelevel_ = 5,
      // Period of UTM row letters
      utmrowperiod_ = 20,
      // Row letters are shifted by 5 for even zones
      utmevenrowshift_ = 5,
      // Maximum precision is um
      maxprec_ = 5 + 6,
    };
    static void CheckCoords(bool utmp, bool& northp, real& x, real& y);
    static int UTMRow(int iband, int icol, int irow) throw();

    friend class UTMUPS;        // UTMUPS::StandardZone calls LatitudeBand
    // Return latitude band number [-10, 10) for the give latitude (degrees).
    // The bands are reckoned in include their southern edges.
    static int LatitudeBand(real lat) throw() {
      int ilat = int(std::floor(lat));
      return (std::max)(-10, (std::min)(9, (ilat + 80)/8 - 10));
    }
    // UTMUPS access these enums
    enum {
      tile_ = 100000,            // Size MGRS blocks
      minutmcol_ = 1,
      maxutmcol_ = 9,
      minutmSrow_ = 10,
      maxutmSrow_ = 100,         // Also used for UTM S false northing
      minutmNrow_ = 0,           // Also used for UTM N false northing
      maxutmNrow_ = 95,
      minupsSind_ = 8,           // These 4 ind's apply to easting and northing
      maxupsSind_ = 32,
      minupsNind_ = 13,
      maxupsNind_ = 27,
      upseasting_ = 20,          // Also used for UPS false northing
      utmeasting_ = 5,           // UTM false easting
      // Difference between S hemisphere northing and N hemisphere northing
      utmNshift_ = (maxutmSrow_ - minutmNrow_) * tile_
    };
    MGRS();                     // Disable constructor

  public:

    /**
     * Convert UTM or UPS coordinate to an MGRS coordinate.
     *
     * @param[in] zone UTM zone (zero means UPS).
     * @param[in] northp hemisphere (true means north, false means south).
     * @param[in] x easting of point (meters).
     * @param[in] y northing of point (meters).
     * @param[in] prec precision relative to 100 km.
     * @param[out] mgrs MGRS string.
     * @exception GeographicErr if \e zone, \e x, or \e y is outside its
     *   allowed range.
     * @exception GeographicErr if the memory for the MGRS string can't be
     *   allocated.
     *
     * \e prec specifies the precision of the MGRS string as follows:
     * - prec = 0 (min), 100 km
     * - prec = 1, 10 km
     * - prec = 2, 1 km
     * - prec = 3, 100 m
     * - prec = 4, 10 m
     * - prec = 5, 1 m
     * - prec = 6, 0.1 m
     * - prec = 11 (max), 1 &mu;m
     *
     * UTM eastings are allowed to be in the range [100 km, 900 km], northings
     * are allowed to be in in [0 km, 9500 km] for the northern hemisphere and
     * in [1000 km, 10000 km] for the southern hemisphere.  (However UTM
     * northings can be continued across the equator.  So the actual limits on
     * the northings are [&minus;9000 km, 9500 km] for the "northern"
     * hemisphere and [1000 km, 19500 km] for the "southern" hemisphere.)
     *
     * UPS eastings/northings are allowed to be in the range [1300 km, 2700 km]
     * in the northern hemisphere and in [800 km, 3200 km] in the southern
     * hemisphere.
     *
     * The ranges are 100 km more restrictive that for the conversion between
     * geographic coordinates and UTM and UPS given by UTMUPS.  These
     * restrictions are dictated by the allowed letters in MGRS coordinates.
     * The choice of 9500 km for the maximum northing for northern hemisphere
     * and of 1000 km as the minimum northing for southern hemisphere provide
     * at least 0.5 degree extension into standard UPS zones.  The upper ends
     * of the ranges for the UPS coordinates is dictated by requiring symmetry
     * about the meridians 0E and 90E.
     *
     * All allowed UTM and UPS coordinates may now be converted to legal MGRS
     * coordinates with the proviso that eastings and northings on the upper
     * boundaries are silently reduced by about 4 nm (4 nanometers) to place
     * them \e within the allowed range.  (This includes reducing a southern
     * hemisphere northing of 10000 km by 4 nm so that it is placed in latitude
     * band M.)  The UTM or UPS coordinates are truncated to requested
     * precision to determine the MGRS coordinate.  Thus in UTM zone 38N, the
     * square area with easting in [444 km, 445 km) and northing in [3688 km,
     * 3689 km) maps to MGRS coordinate 38SMB4488 (at \e prec = 2, 1 km),
     * Khulani Sq., Baghdad.
     *
     * The UTM/UPS selection and the UTM zone is preserved in the conversion to
     * MGRS coordinate.  Thus for \e zone > 0, the MGRS coordinate begins with
     * the zone number followed by one of [C--M] for the southern
     * hemisphere and [N--X] for the northern hemisphere.  For \e zone =
     * 0, the MGRS coordinates begins with one of [AB] for the southern
     * hemisphere and [XY] for the northern hemisphere.
     *
     * The conversion to the MGRS is exact for prec in [0, 5] except that a
     * neighboring latitude band letter may be given if the point is within 5nm
     * of a band boundary.  For prec in [6, 11], the conversion is accurate to
     * roundoff.
     *
     * If \e x or \e y is NaN or if \e zone is UTMUPS::INVALID, the returned
     * MGRS string is "INVALID".
     *
     * Return the result via a reference argument to avoid the overhead of
     * allocating a potentially large number of small strings.  If an error is
     * thrown, then \e mgrs is unchanged.
     **********************************************************************/
    static void Forward(int zone, bool northp, real x, real y,
                        int prec, std::string& mgrs);

    /**
     * Convert UTM or UPS coordinate to an MGRS coordinate when the latitude is
     * known.
     *
     * @param[in] zone UTM zone (zero means UPS).
     * @param[in] northp hemisphere (true means north, false means south).
     * @param[in] x easting of point (meters).
     * @param[in] y northing of point (meters).
     * @param[in] lat latitude (degrees).
     * @param[in] prec precision relative to 100 km.
     * @param[out] mgrs MGRS string.
     * @exception GeographicErr if \e zone, \e x, or \e y is outside its
     *   allowed range.
     * @exception GeographicErr if \e lat is inconsistent with the given UTM
     *   coordinates.
     * @exception std::bad_alloc if the memory for \e mgrs can't be allocated.
     *
     * The latitude is ignored for \e zone = 0 (UPS); otherwise the latitude is
     * used to determine the latitude band and this is checked for consistency
     * using the same tests as Reverse.
     **********************************************************************/
    static void Forward(int zone, bool northp, real x, real y, real lat,
                        int prec, std::string& mgrs);

    /**
     * Convert a MGRS coordinate to UTM or UPS coordinates.
     *
     * @param[in] mgrs MGRS string.
     * @param[out] zone UTM zone (zero means UPS).
     * @param[out] northp hemisphere (true means north, false means south).
     * @param[out] x easting of point (meters).
     * @param[out] y northing of point (meters).
     * @param[out] prec precision relative to 100 km.
     * @param[in] centerp if true (default), return center of the MGRS square,
     *   else return SW (lower left) corner.
     * @exception GeographicErr if \e mgrs is illegal.
     *
     * All conversions from MGRS to UTM/UPS are permitted provided the MGRS
     * coordinate is a possible result of a conversion in the other direction.
     * (The leading 0 may be dropped from an input MGRS coordinate for UTM
     * zones 1--9.)  In addition, MGRS coordinates with a neighboring
     * latitude band letter are permitted provided that some portion of the
     * 100 km block is within the given latitude band.  Thus
     *   - 38VLS and 38WLS are allowed (latitude 64N intersects the square
     *     38[VW]LS); but 38VMS is not permitted (all of 38VMS is north of 64N)
     *   - 38MPE and 38NPF are permitted (they straddle the equator); but 38NPE
     *     and 38MPF are not permitted (the equator does not intersect either
     *     block).
     *   - Similarly ZAB and YZB are permitted (they straddle the prime
     *     meridian); but YAB and ZZB are not (the prime meridian does not
     *     intersect either block).
     *
     * The UTM/UPS selection and the UTM zone is preserved in the conversion
     * from MGRS coordinate.  The conversion is exact for prec in [0, 5].  With
     * centerp = true the conversion from MGRS to geographic and back is
     * stable.  This is not assured if \e centerp = false.
     *
     * If the first 3 characters of \e mgrs are "INV", then \e x and \e y are
     * set to NaN and \e zone is set to UTMUPS::INVALID.
     *
     * If an exception is thrown, then the arguments are unchanged.
     **********************************************************************/
    static void Reverse(const std::string& mgrs,
                        int& zone, bool& northp, real& x, real& y,
                        int& prec, bool centerp = true);

    /** \name Inspector functions
     **********************************************************************/
    ///@{
    /**
     * @return \e a the equatorial radius of the WGS84 ellipsoid (meters).
     *
     * (The WGS84 value is returned because the UTM and UPS projections are
     * based on this ellipsoid.)
     **********************************************************************/
    static Math::real MajorRadius() throw() { return UTMUPS::MajorRadius(); }

    /**
     * @return \e f the flattening of the WGS84 ellipsoid.
     *
     * (The WGS84 value is returned because the UTM and UPS projections are
     * based on this ellipsoid.)
     **********************************************************************/
    static Math::real Flattening() throw() { return UTMUPS::Flattening(); }
    ///@}

    /// \cond SKIP
    /**
     * <b>DEPRECATED</b>
     * @return \e r the inverse flattening of the WGS84 ellipsoid.
     **********************************************************************/
    static Math::real InverseFlattening() throw()
    { return UTMUPS::InverseFlattening(); }
    /// \endcond
  };

} // namespace GeographicLib

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#  pragma warning (pop)
#endif

#endif  // GEOGRAPHICLIB_MGRS_HPP
